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Islamic terrorism in Europe

This article is about Islamist terrorist attacks and plots in Europe. For non-Islamist terrorist incidents in Europe, see Terrorism in Europe.

a wreath of flowers that highlight many other gifts of flowers and candles outside a short metal fence around the area of investigation
Memorial to the people killed in the January 2015 Île-de-France attacks

Islamic terrorism in Europe has been carried out by the Islamic State (ISIL) or Al-Qaeda as well as Islamist lone wolves since the late 20th century. Europol, which releases the annual EU Terrorism Situation and Trend report (TE-SAT), used the term "Islamist terrorism" in the years 2006–2010, "religiously inspired terrorism" 2011–2014, and has used "jihadist terrorism" since 2015.[1][a][2] Europol defines jihadism as "a violent ideology exploiting traditional Islamic concepts".[2]

In the early 2000s, most of the Islamic terrorist activity was linked to Al-Qaeda and the plots tended to involve groups carrying out co-ordinated bombings. The deadliest attacks of this period were the 2004 Madrid train bombings, which killed 193 civilians (the deadliest Islamist attack in Europe), and the 7 July 2005 London bombings, which killed 52.

There was a rise in Islamic terrorist incidents in Europe after 2014.[3][4][5] The years 2014–16 saw more people killed by Islamic terrorist attacks in Europe than all previous years combined, and the highest rate of attack plots per year.[6] Most of this terrorist activity was inspired by ISIL,[6][7] and many European states have had some involvement in the military intervention against it. A number of plots involved people who entered or re-entered Europe as asylum seekers during the European migrant crisis,[7][8][9] and some attackers had returned to Europe after fighting in the Syrian civil war.[7] The Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting in May 2014 was the first attack in Europe by a returnee from the Syrian war.[10]

While most earlier Islamic terrorist attacks in Europe were carried out by groups and involved bombs, most attacks since 2014 have been carried out by individuals using guns, knives and vehicles.[6] A notable exception is the ISIL cell in Brussels, which carried out two of the deadliest attacks of the period.

The deadliest attacks of this period have been the March 2024 Crocus City Hall attack (145 killed), November 2015 Paris attacks (130 killed), the July 2016 Nice truck attack (86 killed), the June 2016 Atatürk Airport attack (45 killed), the March 2016 Brussels bombings (32 killed), and the May 2017 Manchester Arena bombing (22 killed). These attacks and threats have led to major security operations and plans such as Opération Sentinelle in France, Operation Vigilant Guardian and the Brussels lockdown in Belgium, and Operation Temperer in the United Kingdom.

  1. ^ "EU Terrorism Situation & Trend Report (Te-Sat)". Europol. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  2. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Europol20 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Guerisoli, Emmanuel (13 September 2017). "The New-Old Terror Wave in Europe (Part 2)". Public Seminar. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  4. ^ Maria do Céu Pinto Arena. Islamic Terrorism in the West and International Migrations: The 'Far' or 'Near' Enemy Within?. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, May 2017. p.15.
  5. ^ "Deaths from terrorism in Europe have spiked since 2014". The Irish Times. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  6. ^ a b c Nesser, Petter; Stenersen, Anne. "Jihadi Terrorism in Europe: The IS-Effect". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ a b c Seamus Hughes. "Allies Under Attack: The Terrorist Threat to Europe". Program on Extremism – George Washington University. 27 June 2017.
  8. ^ Maria do Céu Pinto Arena. Islamic Terrorism in the West and International Migrations: The 'Far' or 'Near' Enemy Within?. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, May 2017. pp.15, 20
  9. ^ "Vurdering af terrortruslen mod Danmark". pet.dk. Danish Security and Intelligence Service. January 2018. p. 5. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2019. Gerningsmændene til angreb i Europa har i mange tilfælde været kendt af sikkerhedsmyndighederne i forvejen for at nære sympati for militant islamisme. Der har også været tilfælde, hvor personer gennemgik en meget hurtig radikalisering eller har haft psykiske eller andre personlige problemer. Siden efteråret 2015 har en række personer indrejst med flygtningestrømmen været involveret i angreb, herunder afviste asylansøgere.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Europol15 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


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